#include<bits/stdc++.h>
#define ln unsigned long long
using namespace std;
int main(){
ln in,t,p;
stringstream ss;
scanf("%llu",&t);
while(t--)
{
ln sum=0;
scanf("%llu%llu",&p,&in);
while((in/p)>0)
{
sum+=((((in/p))*( (2*(in-(p-1))) + (((in/p)-1)*p) ))/2);
if(p*p>in)
break;
p=p*p;
}
ss<<sum<<endl;
}
cout<<ss.str();
return 0;
}
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