#include <cstdlib>
#include <iostream>
#include <sstream>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <string>
 
using namespace std;
 
int main() {
	const char* foo[] = { "12", "1X", "X2" };
 
	for (auto& i : foo) {
		int temp = atoi(i);
 
		(temp == 0) ? cout << "atoi: check string(0)\n" : cout << "atoi: " << temp << endl;
 
		(istringstream(i) >> temp) ? cout << "istringstream::operator>>: " <<  temp << endl : cout << "istringstream::operator>>: error flag(0)\n";
 
		try {
			cout << "stoi: " << stoi(i) << endl;
		} catch(const invalid_argument& e) {
			cout << "stoi: threw " << e.what() << endl;
		}
	}
	return 0;
}

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