#include <iostream>

template <bool FunctionWasInParameters> struct FunctionMarker {
  operator bool() const { return FunctionWasInParameters; }

  operator int() const { return FunctionWasInParameters; }
};

template <bool... values> struct Or;

template <bool first, bool... values> struct Or<first, values...> {
  static constexpr bool value = first || Or<values...>::value;
};

template <> struct Or<> { static constexpr bool value = false; };

template <class T> struct is_FunctionMarker {
  static constexpr bool value = false;
};

template <bool B> struct is_FunctionMarker<FunctionMarker<B>> {
  static constexpr bool value = true;
};

#define OVERLOAD_OPERATOR_FOR_FUNCTION_MARKER(OPERATOR)                        \
  template <bool B, class T>                                                   \
  FunctionMarker<B> operator OPERATOR(FunctionMarker<B>, T) {                  \
    return {};                                                                 \
  }                                                                            \
  template <bool B, class T>                                                   \
  FunctionMarker<B> operator OPERATOR(T, FunctionMarker<B>) {                  \
    return {};                                                                 \
  }                                                                            \
  /* to break ambiguity by specialization */                                   \
  template <bool B, bool B2>                                                   \
  FunctionMarker<B || B2> operator OPERATOR(FunctionMarker<B>,                 \
                                            FunctionMarker<B2>) {              \
    return {};                                                                 \
  }

OVERLOAD_OPERATOR_FOR_FUNCTION_MARKER(|| )
OVERLOAD_OPERATOR_FOR_FUNCTION_MARKER(+)
OVERLOAD_OPERATOR_FOR_FUNCTION_MARKER(*)
// TODO: overload all other operators!

template <class... Args>
auto function(Args... args)
    -> FunctionMarker<Or<is_FunctionMarker<Args>::value...>::value> {
  return {};
}

FunctionMarker<false> function() { return {}; }

int main() {
  int a = function();
  int b = function(0);
  int c = function(function(0));
  int d = function(3 * function(1) + 2);
  bool e = function(true || function(1));

  // clang-format off
  std::cout << a << "//a==false\n"
		    << b << "//b==false\n"
			<< c << "//c==true\n"
            << d << "//d==true (weakly-typed language)\n"
			<< e << "//e==true (strongly-typed language)\n";
}