#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <sstream>
#include <iomanip>
//#include <boost/format.hpp>


std::string format( double d, int place )
{
    std::ostringstream ss;
    ss << std::fixed << std::setprecision(place) << d ;
    return ss.str() ;
}

struct format_a
{
    format_a( double d, int place ) : value(d), prec(place) {}

    const double value ;
    const int prec ;
};

template < typename OSTREAM >
OSTREAM& operator<< ( OSTREAM& stm, const format_a& fmt )
{ return stm << std::fixed << std::setprecision(fmt.prec) << fmt.value ; }

struct format_b
{
    explicit format_b( int place, int w = 0, char f = ' ' )
             : prec(place), width(w), fill(f) {}

    template < typename T > format_b& operator% ( const T& v )
    {
        std::ostringstream ss;
        ss << std::fixed << std::setprecision(prec)
           << std::setw(width) << std::setfill(fill) << v ;
        chars_out += ss.str() ;
        return *this ;
    }

    const int prec ;
    const int width ;
    const char fill ;
    std::string chars_out ;
};

template < typename OSTREAM >
OSTREAM& operator<< ( OSTREAM& stm, const format_b& fmt )
{ for( char c : fmt.chars_out ) stm << stm.widen(c) ; return stm ; }


int main ()
{
  std::cout << format( .0123456789, 2 ) << '\n' ;
  std::cout << format( 11.1123456789, 5 ) << '\n' ;

  std::cout << format_a( 1234.2123456789, 3 ) << '\n' ;
  std::wcout << format_a( 1234.3123456789, 2 ) << '\n' ;

  std::cout << format_b(3) % 1234.2123456789 << '\n' ;
  std::wcout << format_b( 2, 9 ) % "values:" % 999.999 % 1234.3123456789 % '\n' ;

  // double x = 7.40200133400;
  // std::cout << boost::format("%1$.2f")%x << '\n' ;
}