#include <iostream>
#include <utility>
#include <cstring>

class S {
public:
  S(const char* s) : l(std::strlen(s)), s(new char[l+1]) { std::strcpy(this->s, s); }
  S(const S& o) : l(o.l), s(new char[l+1]) { strcpy(s, o.s); }
  S& operator = (S o)
  {
     swap(o);
     return *this;
  }
  ~S() { delete [] s; }
  void swap(S& o)
  {
     using std::swap;
     swap(l, o.l);
     swap(s, o.s);
  }
  friend std::ostream& operator << (std::ostream& os, const S& s) { return os << s.s; }
private:
  size_t l;
  char* s;
};

class A {
public:
  A(const char* s) : s(s) {}
  A(const A& o) : s(o.s) {}
  A& operator = (A o)
  {
     swap(o);
     return *this;
  }
  virtual ~A() {}
  void swap(A& o)
  {
     s.swap(o.s);
  }
  friend std::ostream& operator << (std::ostream& os, const A& a) { return os << a.s; }

private:
  S s;
};

template <int N>
class B : public virtual A {
public:
  B(const char* sA, const char* s) : A(sA), s(s) {}
  B(const B& o) : A(o), s(o.s) {}
  B& operator = (B o)
  {
     swap(o);
     return *this;
  }
  virtual ~B() {}
  void swap(B& o)
  {
     A::swap(o);
     s.swap(o.s);
  }
  friend std::ostream& operator << (std::ostream& os, const B& b) 
  { return os << (const A&)b << ',' << b.s; }

private:
  S s;
};

class D : public B<1>, public B<2> {
public:
  D(const char* sA, const char* sB1, const char* sB2, const char* s) 
   : A(sA), B<1>(sA, sB1), B<2>(sA, sB2), s(s) 
  {}
  D(const D& o) : A(o), B<1>(o), B<2>(o), s(o.s) {}
  D& operator = (D o)
  {
     swap(o);
     return *this;
  }
  virtual ~D() {}
  void swap(D& o)
  {
     B<1>::swap(o); // calls A::swap(o); A::s changed to o.s
     B<2>::swap(o); // calls A::swap(o); A::s returned to original value...
     s.swap(o.s);
  }
  friend std::ostream& operator << (std::ostream& os, const D& d) 
  { 
     // prints A::s twice...
     return os 
	<< (const B<1>&)d << ',' 
	<< (const B<2>&)d << ',' 
        << d.s;
  }
private:
  S s;
};

int main() {
   D x("ax", "b1x", "b2x", "x");
   D y("ay", "b1y", "b2y", "y");
   std::cout << x << "\n" << y << "\n";
   x = y;
   std::cout << x << "\n" << y << "\n";
}