#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
 
int f(int n, int k) {
    if (!n) return 0;
    int tmp = 1 << (n - 1);
    if (k < tmp) return f(n - 1, k);
    return tmp + f(n - 1, (1 << n) - 1 - k);
}
 
int main() {
    int N, n, k;
    cin >> N;
    for (int i = N; i > 0; i--)  {
        cin >> n >> k;
        cout << f(n,k) << endl;
    }
    return 0;
}