#include <stdio.h>
#include <limits.h>

#define MASK (0x20)
char toLowerCase(char c){
    return c | MASK;
}
char toUpperCase(char c){
    return c & ~MASK;
}
void printChar(char c){
    int i;
    for(i = CHAR_BIT-1; i >= 0; --i)
        printf("%d%s", !!(c&(1<<i)), i==4 ? " " : i == 0 ? "\n" : "");
}
int main(void){
    printf("%c\n", toLowerCase('A'));
    printf("%c\n", toUpperCase('a'));
    printChar('A');
    return 0;
}