#include <iostream>
#include<cstring>
using namespace std;
int a[1000001];
memset(a, 1, sizeof(a));
int main() {
memset(a, 1, sizeof(a));
a[0] = 0;
//a[1] = a[2] = 1;
int i, j, k;
for(i = 3; i<=1000000; i+=2) {
for(j=i; j<=1000000; j<<=1) {
a[j] = i;
}
}
for(i=1; i<=1000000; i++) {
a[i] = (a[i]^a[i-1]);
}
int q, l, r;
cin >> q;
for(i=0; i<q; i++) {
cin >> l >> r;
cout << (a[l-1]^a[r]) << endl;
}
return 0;
}
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
prog.cpp:6:7: error: expected constructor, destructor, or type conversion before ‘(’ token
memset(a, 1, sizeof(a));
^