#include <iostream>
#include<cstring>
using namespace std;
int a[1000001];
int main() {
memset(a, 1, sizeof(a))
;
a[0] = 0;
//a[1] = a[2] = 1;
int i, j, k;
for(i = 3; i<=1000000; i+=2) {
for(j=i; j<=1000000; j<<=1) {
a[j] = i;
}
}
for(i=1; i<=1000000; i++) {
a[i] = (a[i]^a[i-1]);
}
int q, l, r;
cin >> q;
for(i=0; i<q; i++) {
cin >> l >> r;
cout << (a[l-1]^a[r]) << endl;
}
return 0;
}
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