import re
string = "one,two,three,"
res = ",".join(["Aa" if x else "" for x in string.split(",")]) # non-regex way
print(res)
print(re.sub(r'.*?(?=,)',r'aA', string)) #regex: fixed version
print(re.sub(r'.*?(,+)',r'aA\1', string)) #regex: capturing and backreferences
print(re.sub(r'[a-z]+',r'aA', string, flags=re.I)) # a very simple, shortest possible working regex
aW1wb3J0IHJlCnN0cmluZyA9ICJvbmUsdHdvLHRocmVlLCIKcmVzID0gIiwiLmpvaW4oWyJBYSIgaWYgeCBlbHNlICIiIGZvciB4IGluIHN0cmluZy5zcGxpdCgiLCIpXSkgIyBub24tcmVnZXggd2F5CnByaW50KHJlcykKcHJpbnQocmUuc3ViKHInLio/KD89LCknLHInYUEnLCBzdHJpbmcpKSAgI3JlZ2V4OiBmaXhlZCB2ZXJzaW9uCnByaW50KHJlLnN1YihyJy4qPygsKyknLHInYUFcMScsIHN0cmluZykpICNyZWdleDogY2FwdHVyaW5nIGFuZCBiYWNrcmVmZXJlbmNlcwpwcmludChyZS5zdWIocidbYS16XSsnLHInYUEnLCBzdHJpbmcsIGZsYWdzPXJlLkkpKSAjIGEgdmVyeSBzaW1wbGUsIHNob3J0ZXN0IHBvc3NpYmxlIHdvcmtpbmcgcmVnZXg=
Aa,Aa,Aa,
aA,aA,aA,
aA,aA,aA,
aA,aA,aA,